Acids

Definition: Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution.

Types of Acids

Organic Acids: Found in living organisms (e.g., citric acid, acetic acid)
Inorganic Acids: Mineral acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid)

Laboratory Preparation of Acids

By direct combination: H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl
By reaction of non-metal oxide with water: SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄
By displacement from salt: NaHSO₄ + HCl → H₂SO₄ + NaCl

Bases

Definition: Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in aqueous solution or accept hydrogen ions.

Acid-Base Indicators

Indicator	Acid Color	Base Color
Litmus	Red	Blue
Methyl Orange	Red	Yellow
Phenolphthalein	Colorless	Pink

Classification

Substance	Type
Hydrochloric Acid	Inorganic Acid
Acetic Acid	Organic Acid
Sodium Hydroxide	Inorganic Base
Ammonia	Organic Base

Salts

Definition: Salts are compounds formed when the hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion.

Methods of Preparation

Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Reaction of acid with metal: Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
Reaction of acid with carbonate: Acid + Carbonate → Salt + CO₂ + Water

Types of Salts

Normal Salts: All hydrogen ions replaced (e.g., NaCl)
Acid Salts: Partial replacement of hydrogen ions (e.g., NaHSO₄)
Basic Salts: Contain hydroxide ions (e.g., Mg(OH)Cl)
Double Salts: Combination of two salts (e.g., alum)

Questions

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids

Definition: Substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution.

Types

Organic: Acetic acid, citric acid
Inorganic: Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid

Preparation

H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl
SO₃ + H₂O → H₂SO₄
NaHSO₄ + HCl → H₂SO₄ + NaCl

Bases

Definition: Substances that release OH⁻ ions or accept H⁺ ions.

Indicators

Indicator	Acid	Base
Litmus	Red	Blue
Methyl Orange	Red	Yellow
Phenolphthalein	Colorless	Pink

Classification

Substance	Type
Hydrochloric Acid	Inorganic Acid
Acetic Acid	Organic Acid
Sodium Hydroxide	Inorganic Base
Ammonia	Organic Base

Salts

Definition: Compounds formed when H⁺ of an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion.

Preparation

Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Carbonate → Salt + CO₂ + Water

Types

Normal: NaCl
Acid: NaHSO₄
Basic: Mg(OH)Cl
Double: Alum

🧠 Quiz

1. Which of the following is an organic acid?

Hydrochloric acid

Sulfuric acid

Acetic acid

Nitric acid

2. What is the color of methyl orange in a base?

Red

Yellow

Pink

Blue

🃏 Flashcards

What is an acid?
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Acetic acid is an example of?
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Color of litmus in acid?
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Salt from acid + base?
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What is a basic salt?
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